Pollution

Pollution is when something is added to the environment that is harmful or poisonous to living things. Smoke or dust in the air is a type of pollution as it is bad for the lungs when we breath in. Sewage in drinking water is another type of pollution, as it can make people ill because it contains germs and viruses. People living next to a building site where there is too much noise can become sick as they cannot sleep.

As pollution grows, ways to combat it has grown too. Solar energy and wind energy give people other ways to power their homes. When people use these alternative forms of energy, they put less carbon dioxide into the environment.^[1] Pollution is of four types; Air, Noise, Water, and Soil or Land pollution

Air pollution[change | change source]

Smoke coming out from a chimney is an example of air pollution.

Here are some ways from which air pollution occurs. Air pollution is caused by poisonous gases, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and very small particulates. It is also caused by the smoke and harmful gases released by the fires that make vehicles and factories go. Use of coal, wood and kerosene as fuels for fire also causes air pollution. Air pollution may cause breathing problems such as asthma or other health problems. It also causes diseases like cancer.

Air pollution causes global warming and acid rain. It results in increased temperatures, unpredictable. rains and drought worldwide. This makes it difficult for the living organisms to survive.

Water pollution[change | change source]

Waste from a sewer pipe is an example of water pollution.

Water pollution is the presence of harmful materials in water, such as sewage, dissolved metals, waste from farms, factories and crude oil spilled from oil tankers. The three main substances that pollute water are nitrates from fertilizers, sewage and detergents.

Activities such as bathing and washing clothes near lakes, ponds or rivers add nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous into the water bodies.This leads to excessive growth of algae on the surface of water. It blocks the penetration of sunlight and air, thus reducing oxygen.

Pollution causes harm to organisms living in water and can also harm people's health. In extreme cases it may cause problems such as cancer.^[2]

Noise pollution[change | change source]

A sample of noise pollution

Noise pollution also known as sound pollution which is harmful to humans as well as animals too. This includes the sound of vehicles, loud speakers, etc. Noise pollution can cause ear problems or even permanent deafness, especially to older people. It causes brain related problems too

Soil pollution or land pollution[change | change source]

Soil pollution (also known as land pollution) is when man-made chemicals, such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, solvents, get into the soil. These chemicals come from industrial activities and from bad waste disposal. Soil pollution may cause health risks. The chemicals can produce harmful vapors, or they can contaminate water supplies underneath the polluted soil.

Plastic pollution[change | change source]

Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.

Thermal pollution[change | change source]

A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. This puts back warm water, and so raises the temperature and decreases the oxygen content of the water.

philosophy - National Value

National Value

A country's national value is a representation of the paramount value upheld throughout the common cultural experience of the nation. The national value system is a carryover from Victoria: An Empire Under the Sun, and has been changed and reduced somewhat to accommodate Victoria 2's changed mechanics. Schools of thought have taken over the old role of national values

The Three National Values

There are three national values in Victoria 2: Liberty, Order, and Equality.

Liberty

The Liberty national value represents a common national interest in the propagation and defense of human liberty. A liberty-focused nation is often filled with intensely independent people who do not easily bow to their government's demands--or to foreign invaders. Liberty also produces a robust economy that will not buckle under the weight of war.

§  Liberty increases the likelihood that Pops will favor the following ideologies: Liberal (if the ruling party is not Anarcho-Liberal), Anarcho-Liberal (only if they are already in power)

§  Liberty increases the likelihood that Pops will have the following dominant issues: Full Citizenship (especially with high CON)

§  Liberty sets the country's base mobilization rate at 2% and the base mobilization impact at 75%. This makes liberty the weakest value early on, as most countries will not be able to mobilize any significant force at 2%. As the game progresses, techs allow an increased mobilization pool, and the player's economy becomes larger and more important.

Liberty is an excellent National Value for countries that desire expansion through immigration. Pops' increased tendencies towards Liberal government types increase the likelihood that their governments will pass many of the Political Reforms necessary for maximum immigrant attractiveness. The reduced economic impact of mobilization makes Liberty militarily the strongest value to have middle-to-late game, as techs make up for the low mobilization rate and the reduced impact of mobilization makes mobilizing less economically painful.

Order

The Order national value represents a common national interest in an orderly, law-abiding society. Order-based societies value tradition, law, and hierarchy above all else. A nation that values order is usually filled with people that will fulfill their duty if called upon, but are less diverse and economically competent.

§  Order increases the likelihood that Pops will favor the following ideologies: Conservative (if the ruling party is neither Reactionary nor Fascist), Reactionary (only if they are already in power), Fascist (only if they are already in power)

§  Order increases the likelihood that Pops will favor the following dominant issues: Residency (only if the pop is of a Primary culture)

§  This value sets the country's base mobilization rate at 4% and the base mobilization impact at 100%.

It is the most common national value and the middle of the road option so far as effects are concerned.

Equality

The Equality national value represents a common national interest in an equal society. The definition and extent of this equality may be different from place to place, but the idea that the nation is one of equals, each with common stake in its survival, is a powerful one. These populations can be readily shaped into large conscript armies, but their economic prowess and organization is dulled by their zealous focus on equality over efficiency.

§  Equality increases the likelihood that Pops will favor the following ideologies: Socialist (only if the Socialist ideology has been founded and Communists are not the ruling party), Communist (only if they are already in power)

§  Equality increases the likelihood that Pops will favor the following dominant issues: Limited Citizenship (only if the pop has <5 CON)

§  This value sets the country's base mobilization rate at 6% and the base mobilization impact at 125%.

Undoubtedly the most powerful value early game, when the armies of the world are small and easily overpowered by a large mobilization, and the economic impact is minimal. Late game it losses some of its luster, as technology and the growth of industry make the other values more attractive by comparison.

cooperative and collaborative learning

What are cooperative and collaborative learning?

Collaborative learning is a method of teaching and learning in which students team together to explore a significant question or create a meaningful project. A group of students discussing a lecture or students from different schools working together over the Internet on a shared assignment are both examples of collaborative learning.

Cooperative learning, which will be the primary focus of this workshop, is a specific kind of collaborative learning. In cooperative learning, students work together in small groups on a structured activity. They are individually accountable for their work, and the work of the group as a whole is also assessed. Cooperative groups work face-to-face and learn to work as a team.

In small groups, students can share strengths and also develop their weaker skills. They develop their interpersonal skills. They learn to deal with conflict. When cooperative groups are guided by clear objectives, students engage in numerous activities that improve their understanding of subjects explored.

In order to create an environment in which cooperative learning can take place, three things are necessary. First, students need to feel safe, but also challenged. Second, groups need to be small enough that everyone can contribute. Third, the task students work together on must be clearly defined. The cooperative and collaborative learning techniques presented here should help make this possible for teachers.

Earthquake

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.^[1]

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.